You are here » CORE INFO » Reviews » Fractures » Which fractures are indicative of abuse? » Femoral fractures » Research implications

• Bites
  • Included studies
  • Is this an abusive bite?
    • Results
    • Features which suggest that a skin lesion on a child is a bite
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Bruising
  • Included studies
  • Ageing
    • Results
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Patterns
    • Results
    • Patterns and sites – comparative studies
    • Patterns and sites – non-abused
    • Patterns and sites – abused
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
  • FAQs
• Burns
  • Included studies
  • Distinguishing intentional and unintentional scalds in children
    • Results
    • Characteristics of scald injuries
      • Characteristics of unintentional scalds
      • Characteristics of intentional scalds
        • Associated features of intentional scalds
        • Historical and social features of intentional scalds
    • Scalds triage tool
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Current clinical criteria not substantiated by this review
    • Other useful references
  • Features of intentional non-scald burns
    • Results
    • Contact burns
    • Flame burns
    • Microwave burns
    • Caustic burns
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Intentional burns mimickers
    • Results
    • Exogenous skin disorders
    • Endogenous skin disorders
    • Intentional burns without malicious intent
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Dental Neglect
  • Included studies
  • What are the parent/carer characteristics of a child with dental neglect, and what oral features are present in these children?
    • Results
    • Parent/carer characteristics of children with dental neglect
    • Oral features of dental neglect
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Early Years Neglect
  • Included studies
  • What are the emotional, behavioural and developmental (EBD) features in the child indicative of any type of neglect / emotional abuse?
    • Results
    • Identifiable emotional, behavioural and developmental features in children
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • What features in the child-primary carer interaction demonstrate emotional neglect and / or emotional abuse?
    • Results
    • Carer-child interaction and maternal attitudes
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Fractures
  • Included studies
  • Which fractures are indicative of abuse?
    • Overall results & epidemiology
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
    • Rib fractures
      • Results
      • Number and location of abusive rib fractures
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Femoral fractures
      • Results
      • Age of children with femoral fractures
      • Fracture type
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Humeral fractures
      • Results
      • Age of children with humeral fractures
      • Fracture type
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Skull fractures
      • Results
      • Age of children with skull fractures
      • Fracture type
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Metaphyseal fractures
      • Results
      • Age of children with metaphyseal fractures
      • Fatally abused children with metaphyseal fractures
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Other fractures
      • Tibia and fibula fractures
      • Radial and ulnar fractures
      • Pelvic fractures
      • Hands and feet fractures
      • Mandibular fractures
      • Sternal fractures
      • Clavicle fractures
      • Vertebral fractures
      • Implications for practice
      • Research implications
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Other useful references
  • What is the evidence for radiological dating of fractures in children?
    • Results
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • What radiological investigations should be performed to identify fractures in suspected child abuse?
    • Which investigation has a higher yield, skeletal survey or radionuclide imaging?
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Does repeat skeletal survey enhance detection?
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • What views should be included in a skeletal survey?
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Which children with suspected abuse should be investigated for occult fractures?
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • What other imaging modalities may enhance the diagnosis of occult fractures?
      • Results
      • Implications for practice
      • Limitations of review findings
      • Other useful references
    • Research implications
    • Other useful references – radiological standards
  • Does cardiopulmonary resuscitation cause rib fractures in children?
    • Results
    • Studies in which cardiopulmonary resuscitation-related fractures found
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Neurological Injuries
  • Included studies
  • What neuroradiological investigations are indicated to identify abusive central neurological system injury in children?
    • Is there any value in performing magnetic resonance imaging in children with abnormal computerised tomography scans?
    • What is the value of magnetic resonance imaging in children with normal initial computerised tomography scans?
    • Is there any value in performing diffusion weighted imaging in addition to magnetic resonance imaging?
    • What is the value of high resolution ultrasound scans?
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • What are the distinguishing clinical features of abusive head trauma in children?
    • Results
    • Analysis of included studies
      • Apnoea
      • Retinal haemorrhage
      • Rib fracture
      • Long bone fracture
      • Seizure
      • Bruising to the head and / or neck
      • Skull fracture
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • What neuroradiological features distinguish abusive from non-abusive head trauma?
    • Results
    • Extra-axial haemorrhages
    • Distribution of extra-axial haemorrhages
    • Intracerebral lesions
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Oral Injuries
  • Included studies
  • Torn labial frenum
    • Results
    • Abusive torn frenum
    • Accidental torn frenum
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Other physically abusive intra-oral injuries
    • Results
    • Intra-oral injuries recorded in physically abused children
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Retinal Findings
  • Included studies
  • Comparison between retinal findings found in AHT vs. nAHT cases
    • Results
    • Retinal findings
    • Neuroradiological features amongst children with retinal haemorrhages
    • Co-existent features
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • The differential diagnoses of retinal haemorrhages in children
    • Results
    • Clinical overlap with abuse
    • Conditions in which retinal haemorrhages are proposed to occur
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Retinal haemorrhages in newborn infants
    • Results
    • Retinal haemorrhages recorded following delivery
    • Retinal features
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Spinal Injuries
  • Included studies
  • Clinical and radiological characteristics of physically abusive spinal injuries
    • Results
    • Cervical injuries
    • Thoraco-lumbar injuries
    • Implications for practice
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications
• Visceral Injuries
  • Included studies
  • What are the features of visceral injuries occurring as a consequence of physical abuse?
    • Results
    • Abdominal Injuries
    • Intra-Thoracic Injuries
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • What is the role of non-radiological investigations in detecting abusive abdominal injury?
    • Results
    • The role of serological tests in identifying abusive abdominal injury
    • Implications for practice
    • Research implications
    • Limitations of review findings
    • Other useful references
  • Methodology
  • Publications

 

 

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